Ecological space refers to the space with natural attributes and a dominant function of providing ecosystem services. It includes natural ecological space, urban ecological space and agriculture ecological space. The natural ecological space is that which is juxtaposed with urban space and agricultural space. Its distribution is outside of town and agricultural spaces, and its spatial distributions are complete and continuous. Here, we discuss the definition and connotations of natural ecological space, and the theory, methods and technical aspects of the associated pattern construction. We propose that the system for constructing natural ecological space patterns should include important maintenance pattern of ecological functions, barrier pattern of human settlements, and conservation pattern of biodiversity. The ultimate goal of natural ecological space pattern construction should be to manage and control national spaces of development, and to protect important ecological spaces while promoting regional sustainable development. Under the background of implementing strategy for building ecologically sustainable civilization and safeguarding the national ecological security, natural ecological space pattern construction has a great significance for optimizing spatial development pattern and guiding ecological protection and construction.