Evaluating the degree of equitable distribution of regional natural resources is the basis for balancing the relationship between socio-economic systems and the sustainable development of ecosystems. Based on the ecological footprint of the Provinces along the Silk Road Economic Belt in China from 2005 to 2016, the spatial and temporal differences in the ecological carrying capacity, the ecological footprint pressure index, and the ecological footprint depth and size were analyzed. The Gini coefficient, economic contribution coefficient, and the carrying capacity contribution coefficient were used to construct a fairness evaluation model for the ecological footprint. The results showed that the per capita ecological footprint growth trends of the provinces along the belt were quite different. The per capita ecological footprint of Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Qinghai provinces were significantly increased, while the increase seen for the Gansu, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, Chongqing, and Sichuan provinces were not significant. Compared with the southwest provinces, the northwest provinces' ecological footprint increased faster, but the per capita ecological carrying capacity hardly changed. The ecological footprint pressure index of the provinces along the belt showed a slow rise, and the difference in the ecological pressure showed a gradual expansion. The ecological footprint depth was greater than 1 with a slow growth trend, while the ecological footprint size had changed a little. The economic contribution Gini coefficient and the ecological carrying capacity Gini coefficient ranged from[0.15, 0.23] and[0.23, 0.30], respectively, which were both lower than the "0.4 warning line". Among the studied Provinces, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Chongqing were identified as provinces with a "high economic contribution and low ecological support contribution". Qinghai, Yunnan, and Gansu were provinces with a "low economic contribution and high ecological support contribution". Xinjiang, Guangxi, and Ningxia were provinces with a "low economic contribution and low ecological support contribution". To achieve a balance between the socio-economic systems and the sustainable development of ecosystems, appropriate policies on ecological construction and environmental protection should be proposed for provinces with different economic contributions and ecological carrying capacities. Further, spatial management and control capabilities should be strengthened, regional integration and cooperative development of key developing district promoted, inter-provincial industrial collaboration advanced, bilateral or multilateral cooperation mechanisms used, and the allocation of regional natural resource should be improved.