Chemical communication is one of the most ancestral, pervasive, and dominant form of communication for aquatic animals. Sensitive avoidance of predation risk sources allows the prey to increase their probability of survival by detecting and avoiding potential predators, but is costly in terms of reduced foraging or mating opportunities if the emerging chemical cues do not represent an actual threat. Therefore, trade-offs based on energetic costs-ecological benefits may lead to differences in an animal's behavioral decision-making and chemical communication patterns. Personality has been shown to be involved in an animal's behavioral decisions; however, research on the link between fish personality and the chemical alarm communication has rarely been undertaken. We hypothesized that personality is an important internal cause in the diversity of fish chemical communication patterns. In the present study, wild rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, a small freshwater fish widely distributed in China and mainly inhabiting the bottom water with low transparency, slow flow, or quiescence, were used as a model and were experimentally tested under semi-natural conditions. We aimed to (1) investigate the behavioral response of experimental fish to different chemical cues, including pool water (control group), lemon odor (novel chemical cue group), and high and low concentrations of chemical alarm cues (CAC) (risky chemical cue groups), and (2) explore personality traits of the experimental fish in novel environments (being transferred to new habitats), novel stimulus (being injected with novel physical stimulus), and novel food resources (being provided with novel food resources), and their correlations with chemical alarm cue-induced behavioral responses. Our results showed that (1) the change in time spent motionless, the change in times of burst swimming, and the percentage of feeding individuals were significantly affected by different chemical cues (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between lemon odor group (unknown "chemical cue") and the control group (P > 0.05). The experimental fish showed different degrees of behavioral responses to different concentrations of CAC (known "risk cue"). Both high and low concentrations of CAC resulted in a decrease in the proportion of feeding individuals (P < 0.05), but only high concentrations of CAC led to an increase in the time spent motionless and a change in the times of burst swimming (P < 0.05). It could be seen that the experimental fish had accurate and efficient behavioral responses to external chemical cues. Besides, our results showed that (2) the chemical alarm cue-induced behavioral responses were negatively correlated with the activity (measured as the percentage of time spent motionless) of experimental fish under novel stimulus (P < 0.05), but were not related to the activity of experimental fish under a new environment (P > 0.05). The results suggested that fish personality was related to chemical alarm communication but the association may be changed with environmental contexts (e.g. the stability and predictability of the test environment).