With the increase in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters, the risk and loss assessment of urban natural disasters and the construction of an urban security pattern are becoming more important. Based on social media data from the Sina microblogging platform, statistical yearbook data, and using the ArcGIS software, this study establishes a typhoon disaster vulnerability index for the rapid assessment of the impact of Typhoon "Meranti" on different districts of Xiamen at different stages. The location of a specific microblog information from the microblogging platform is used to track and analyze disaster information. The results show that when facing a typhoon disaster, the Siming and Huli District showed relatively low vulnerability, while Haicang and Jimei District showed higher vulnerability, which is mainly due to the quick response of local government and civil society organization in Siming and Huli District. From a perspective of recovery, except for the Haicang District, the speed of recovery of power in the other districts is relatively rapid. This study provides a new method and technology for the evaluation of typhoon disaster vulnerability, decision reference for pre-disaster control, and post-disaster recovery.