The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused considerable damage to ecosystems in China. The objective of this study was to better understand the ecological recovery of the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit disaster areas and provide a scientific basis for the development of an ecological recovery strategy. In this study, remote sensing data were used to analyze the changes in ecosystems in in the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas from 2010 to 2015, including 39 districts and counties in Sichuan Province, China; furthermore, concurrent changes in water conservation, soil retention, and habitat quality were also assessed using the InVEST model. The spatial patterns and changes in ecosystem health in the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas were then evaluated quantitatively using the VOR model coupled with key ecosystem services. The main conclusions were as follows:(1) the area covered by wetlands and urban lands in the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas increased from 2010 to 2015, whereas that covered by vegetations and cultivated lands decreased, except for the forested environments, in areas hit by the magnitude Ⅹ-Ⅺ earthquake, which instead increased by 1309.77 hectares; (2) the mean vigor of ecosystems in the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas increased obviously, and the most significant increases in mean vigor occurred in areas hit by magnitude Ⅹ and Ⅺ earthquakes, where vigor increased by 14.84% and 12.47%, respectively; (3) overall, the water conservation capacity in the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas decreased slightly by 0.46%, whereas soil retention increased by 1.26%, and the change in habitat quality was relatively small; (4) the mean ecosystem health index (EHI) of Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas increased modestly (by 1.36%) from 0.6761 to 0.6853. Notably, the increase in EHI in the areas hit by magnitude Ⅹ and Ⅺ earthquakes were more significant than those in other areas, with increases of 4.01% and 3.48%, respectively, which indicated that the ecological recovery was most remarkable in the most severely damaged areas. It is worth noting that in some regions, including Baoxing, Hanyuan, Shimian, Fucheng, Guanghan, northwestern Wenchuan, and the northern parts of the study area, the EHI instead showed a downward trend owing to the reconstruction and development of the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas. Thus, to improve the ecosystem health and sustainable regional development of the Wenchuan earthquake hard-hit areas, the good ecological recovery trend observed in the areas hit by magnitude Ⅹ and Ⅺ earthquakes should be maintained. Simultaneously, more focus should be on the protection of basic farmland in the central plain area and natural ecological protection work in the southern and northern regions.