To analyse variations in soil bacterial communities in Chinese fir plantations that have undergone continuous cultivation, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique was used to assess the soil microbial community structure, diversity, and function in Youxi National Forest Farm. The results showed that continuous cultivation resulted in an imbalance in the soil microbial communities in the Chinese fir plantations. The pathogenic bacteria increased, whereas the carbon-cycling and nitrogen-cycling bacteria gradually decreased to a significant extent. The number of terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) was significantly different among three rotations of continuous cultivation in the Chinese fir plantations. The T-RFs were the highest in first Chinese fir rotation plantation (FCP), followed by second Chinese fir rotation plantation (SCP) and third Chinese fir rotation plantation (TCP). The soil chemical properties were significantly and positively correlated with bacterial community diversity, except C/N and pH. A total of 12 bacterial families were identified, and Firmicutes, Cyanophyta, Actinomyces, and Proteobacteria were the four main types of bacteria in all the samples. The proportion of Proteobacteria increased with the increase in cultivation rotations, whereas the proportion of Firmicutes decreased with the increase in cultivation rotations. The soil bacterial community diversity indexes showed a trend of FCP > SCP > TCP, which was consistent with the number of T-RFs and indicated that the long-term pure plantation pattern exacerbated the microecological imbalance in the rhizospheric soils of the Chinese fir and markedly decreased the soil microbial community diversity. On the basis of function, we classified the bacteria into five categories:carbon-cycling bacterium, sulphur-cycling bacterium, nitrogen-cycling bacterium, fibrinolytic bacterium, and pathogenic bacterium. Overall, the relative numbers of carbon-cycling and nitrogen-cycling bacteria gradually decreased in the Chinese fir plantations. Conversely, the relative numbers of sulphur-cycling, fibrinolytic, and pathogenic bacteria increased in the Chinese fir plantations.