The implementation of maritime power strategies requires further enhancement of the development of marine fisheries economy. In this paper, using vulnerability as the breakthrough point, the marine fisheries industrial structure in China was analyzed using a 3-axis graph. The vulnerability index system of the marine fisheries industry from two aspects, sensitivity and response capacity were constructed. Then, temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the marine fisheries industry ecosystem vulnerability in China during 2001-2015 was analyzed using the Topsis method and the obstacle degree. The results showed that:① During 2001-2015, the marine fisheries industrial structure in China was single and in the primary stage for a long period. ② In the time dimension, using 2008 as a node, the vulnerability of China's marine fisheries industry ecosystem exhibited a phased transition from a small fluctuation to a large increase. ③ Regarding the spatial dimension, the spatial distribution of the marine fisheries industry vulnerability in China exhibited clustering characteristics, being high in the south and low in the north according to the evolvement trajectory of system vulnerability. The industry ecosystem vulnerability of marine fisheries in China was divided into "U"type,"liner rise"type,"wave"type, and"stable"type of vulnerability evolution structure. ④Through the analysis of the obstacle degree of the system,it was found that strengthening the environmental rectification of the coastal waters on marine fisheries, optimizing the marine fisheries industrial structure, further promoting the development of the pelagic fishery, strengthening the early warning signals of marine disasters, and introducing advanced scientific, technological equipment, and qualified professionals would reduce the marine fisheries industry ecosystem vulnerability in China.