The peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important nitrogen fixing legume worldwide, which is strongly drought and salt resistant. Soil microbiomes play an important ecological role in the saline-alkaline soil ecosystem. Many factors could shape the rhizosphere microbiome, but the effects of soil salinity, intercropping patterns, and soil depth on the composition of bacterial communities for peanuts are largely unknown. In this study, to compare and analyze the difference in rhizosphere bacterial communities between saline-alkali and non-saline soil, the soil in which the peanuts were grown, under single cropping and intercropping, were used as experimental materials. The different soil bacterial community compositions and diversities from 0-40 cm soil of saline-alkali and non-saline land in the saline-alkali coastal areas of the Yellow River Delta were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene clone library technology. Thus, our study has laid a solid foundation for further functional investigation into the diversity of soil rhizosphere microbiomes from different soil types and the relationship between land use change and ecological environmental effects. The total DNA was extracted from the soil samples using free culture technology, and PCR amplification was performed on the high variation area of V3 in the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial genome. Pyrosequencing was used to analyze the high variation area of V3, and a bioinformatics analysis was performed to further analyze the sequencing data. All analyzed samples were characterized by diverse bacterial communities, and the relative proportions of phylum, family, and genus. The results showed:(1) Rhizospheres grown in saline-alkali soils contained more bacterial diversity, dominant species, and community functional diversity than non-saline grown ones. (2) Single cropping or intercropping patterns appeared to not affect the dominant bacterial communities in the 0-40 cm rhizosphere soil. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria were significantly abundant rhizosphere microbiomes in all soil types, and accounted for more than 80%-90% of the community. In addition, the abundance of Acidobacteria in non-saline soils were more than three times of these in saline-alkali land, and Thermoleophilia and Actinomycetales were more abundant in non-saline soil than those in single cropping and intercropping of saline-alkali land. However, Rubellimicrobium, Pontibacter, and Lamia were relatively less in the 0-40 cm soil of signaling cropping non-saline land. (3) Soil types appeared to affect the types of microbiomes in the rhizospheres. All the samples were largely divided into three classes:non-saline land, 0-20 cm, and 20-40 cm rhizospheres according to the soil salinity and depth of root distribution by clustering analysis.