Picea mongolica is a unique species of conifer in China, mainly growing in the Baiyinaobao National Reserve, Inner Mogolia. It plays a significant role in protecting against wind and controlling desertification, improving the ecological environment in this region of soil degradation, as well as constructing the Three-North Shelterbelt. In this paper, the present situation and the latest research progress on Picea mongolica at home and abroad were reviewed from the aspects of growth environment, individual ecology, population ecology, and community ecology. Some scientific questions that should be paid attention to in future studies of Picea mongolica were proposed at different scales. These scientific issues include (1) studies on the structure and physiological mechanisms of the growth, reproduction, and protection of Picea mongolica. (2) Points of study on Picea mongolica populations and communities in the desert are as follows:compilations and statistical analysis of life tables and fertility tables; intraspecific and interspecific relationships; allelopathy; internal mechanisms of occurrence; development and decline of populations and communities; the regeneration of Picea mongolica by natural disturbance and man-made disturbance; the effect of global temperature change on the natural regeneration of Picea mongolica. (3) Studies on the ecosystem of Picea mongolica are as follows:the cycle, utilization rules, and transformation mechanisms of a large number of micronutrients in litters; microorganism-soil-Picea mongolica systems; decomposition laws and mechanisms of litter; water cycle; effects of soil physicochemical and biochemical properties on the growth and biomass of Picea mongolica; energy flow and information transfer in the Picea mongolica forest ecosystem. (4) Studies on the ecological management of Picea mongolica are as follows:technology for Picea mongolica construction; planning and establishment of Picea mongolica seed orchards and mother forests; Picea mongolica forest breeding technology and clone research; sapling transplanting technology; fertilization technology for natural and artificial Picea mongolica forests; forecast and control of diseases and insect pests of Picea mongolica.