Soil moisture fluctuation caused by changes in precipitation patterns associated with global change is an important driving force for the dynamic changes of soil respiration. However, it is unclear how coastal wetlands respond to changes in precipitation patterns, and thus cause changes in the ecosystem blue carbon function. To explore the response and mechanism of soil respiration and environmental and biological factors to precipitation changes, the soil carbon flux observation system was applied to monitor wetland soil respiration rates under different precipitation treatments relying on increased and decreased precipitation fields outside the control experiment platform of the Yellow River Delta coastal wetland in 2017. The results showed that: (1) with increased precipitation, the wetland soil temperature gradually decreased; simultaneously, both precipitation increase and decrease significantly increased wetland soil moisture (P < 0.05); (2) changes in precipitation significantly affected vegetation species composition, aboveground and belowground biomass allocation, and root/shoot ratio (P < 0.05). A 40% and 60% precipitation increase significantly increased the wetland plant species and vegetation root shoot ratio; however, it significantly reduced the aboveground biomass of wetland vegetation. In addition, a 40% increase and 60% decrease of precipitation significantly increased the aboveground biomass of wetland vegetation; (3) there was no significant effect of precipitation changes on annual soil respiration in wetlands. Nevertheless, a 60% and 40% precipitation increase both significantly increased the soil respiration rate in wetlands during the non-flooding season (P < 0.05); (4) the wetland soil respiration and moisture showed a quadratic curve (P < 0.05) with the correlation coefficient decreasing with precipitation increase. Furthermore, during the wetland non-flooding season, soil respiration and temperature were exponentially correlated (P < 0.05) with soil temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) increasing with increasing precipitation. There was no significant correlation between soil respiration and temperature during flooding periods; (5) during the flooding period, the soil respiration rate was inversely correlated with the surface water level (P < 0.001).