It is of great importance to identify the general laws and the spatial distribution characteristics of land use in a typical topography unit of karst valley area on terrain gradients influenced by various factors and mechanisms. This study, based on the high-resolution images of 2017 as the data source combined with field survey to verify the images, we calculated the terrain niche distribution index, land use diversity index, land use intensity index, and land use relative rationality index to explore the similarity and differences in the spatial distribution of land use types on terrain gradient in a karst trough valley area of Guizhou province. The results were as follows:(1) Land use type in the karst trough valley area is characterized by two distribution patterns, i.e., hillside (high terrain niche)-trough basin (low terrain niche). However, land use types on terrain gradients are mainly composed of low, middle, and high terrain niche combination models; (2) The land use type presents gradient effects on terrain gradients; it shows individual distribution characteristics and differences; (3) In the karst trough valley area, the distribution pattern of land use diversity, land use degree, and land use rationality on terrain gradients have some common features and some individual differences; (4) The land use characteristics on the terrain gradient are the result of natural, socio-economic, and policy factors.