Soil conservation, which is a fundamental regulating service, is defined as the reduction of water erosion by ecosystems through structures and processes. Sichuan Province, which is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, is an important ecological security barrier in China. Protection of its soil conservation service and control of soil erosion are important safeguards for maintaining ecological security in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This study used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and statistical methods to analyze the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem soil conservation service in Sichuan Province. The results showed that:(1) In 2015, the total soil conservation in Sichuan Province was 19.90 billion tons, and the average soil conservation intensity was approximately 409.43 t hm^-2 a^-1. Forests and shrubs were the main ecosystem components providing soil conservation service, whereas the cropland ecosystem still played a role, and soil and water conservation measures should be considered in agricultural activities. (2) From the spatial distribution, the areas with high soil retention capacity were mainly located in greatly undulating mountains surrounding the Sichuan Basin, such as Longmen Mountain, Qionglai Mountain, Daliang Mountain, and Micang Mountain. In terms of the cities at the prefectural level, Bazhong City, Ya'an City, Dazhou City, Guangyuan City, Panzhihua City, and Leshan City had relatively high soil conservation capacity, whereas the very important areas for soil conservation were widely distributed in the Liangshan Prefecture, Aba Prefecture, Ganzi Prefecture, Ya'an City, Bazhong City, and Dazhou City. (3) Among the natural factors, climate and terrain were the main factors affecting the spatial pattern of soil conservation service in the study area. The soil factor also exhibited some influence on the regional scale, whereas the vegetation factor may play a role on the local scale. The study revealed key areas for ensuring ecological security from the perspective of soil conservation service. Its results can provide scientific guidance for ecological protection and erosion control in Sichuan Province.