As an important strategic region in China's territorial space development, the Wanjiang City Belt has a key supporting role in economic development and regional revitalization. An agglomeration of factors and economic development have triggered the rapid transformation from agricultural land to construction land, the shrinking of key ecological conservation sources in the landscape pattern, and the weakening of regional ecological service functions. Thus, regional ecological security is facing new challenges. In this study, natural ecological attribute data, such as DEM(Digital Elevation Model), precipitation, topography, and vegetation cover, were obtained by collecting land-use image interpretation data from different periods in the Wanjiang City Belt. By using GIS, ecological risk index, spatial autocorrelation, and semi-variance analysis were integrated into the study of the evolution of ecological risk patterns. The results showed that the overall ecological risk of the Wanjiang City Belt between 1995 and 2015 increased continuously and had clear spatial differentiation. The ecological risks of Hefei and Wuhu-Maanshan-Tongling and other cities along the Yangtze River had risen significantly, but the Dabie Mountain and the Southern mountains in the Anhui Province remained relatively stable, and those areas with increased ecological risk were mostly located in low-altitude and low-slope plains and hills. In general, there is a clear polarization of ecological risk distribution in the region. This research is conducive to improving the theoretical study of ecological risk and has a practical guiding significance for the participation of Anhui in the construction of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Yangtze River protection.