Sediment information can reflect the changes of the erosion environment in a watershed. In addition, studies regarding the sedimentation process have significant implications for the erosion process and ecological restoration within a watershed. Therefore, this study analyzed the distribution patterns and sources of carbon in both gullies and check dams in the Loess Plateau. Soil samples were obtained from field study and analyzed using stable isotope techniques. The results showed that: (1) the soil total carbon (STC) and the soil organic carbon (SOC) in the check dams ranged from 12.80 to 14.76 g/kg and 1.34 to 3.53 g/kg, respectively, and that of gullies ranged from 13.61 to 17.86 g/kg and 1.52 to 5.04 g/kg, respectively. (2) The fluctuation of STC in check dams was relatively less in the depth of 0-100 cm and 350-500 cm soil profile, while relatively greater in the depth of 100 to 350 cm. The fluctuation range of STC in the gullies was relatively less in the depth of 200 to 390 cm, while relatively greater in the depth of 0 to 200 cm. Besides, the SOC in the check dams and gullies decreased with the increase of soil profile. (3) The SOC isotope in the dams ranged from -23.96 ‰ to -22.09‰ with the higher values observed in the surface soil layer and a decline with the increasing soil depth. The SOC isotope of gullies ranged from -27.04‰ to -24.58‰, which showed an increasing trend with increasing soil depth. (4) The SOC in the surface soil of the dams mainly originated from the shrubland (96.80%), and that of the gullies was mostly derived from the shrubland (62.05%) and grassland (32.4%).