Based on latitude from north to south in the Lvliang Mountains, Shanxi Province, Malun Grassland, Heyeping, and Yunding Mountain were selected as study areas in this research. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, the species diversity of subalpine meadows was surveyed to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of different years and latitudes of subalpine meadow species in the Lvliang Mountains. The results showed that:(1) Kobresia humilis and Polygonum viviparum, Kobresia capillifolia and Polygonum viviparum, Plantago asiatica and Elymus dahuricus were the dominant species of Malun Grassland, Heyeping, and Yunding Mountain. The dominant and subdominant species in different regions were mainly from Compositae, Rosaceae, Cyperaceae, Gramineae, and the life forms were mainly perennial herbs; (2) the species diversity distribution was stable in different years. There was no visible difference in the Pielou index in three years. The Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and Patrick indexes were the highest in 2016, which indicated that the species diversity of subalpine meadows in the Lvliang Mountains were affected by temporal variations in precipitation; (3) in the Lvliang Mountains, the species diversity of Yunding Mountain in the southern section was higher than that in Malun Grassland and Heyeping in the northern section. This indicated that the variation of species diversity of subalpine meadows in the Lvliang Mountains gradually increased from north to south. Therefore, the spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity of subalpine meadows in the Lvliang Mountains were obviously affected by precipitation and gradually increased from north to south.