Straw incorporation is one of the most important ways of utilizing straw resources. Owing to the differences in soil microenvironments, there are significant differences in the effect of straw incorporation combined with agronomic measures on soil fertility improvement. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of straw incorporation combined with inorganic-organic fertilizers on soil fertility improvement, water and nitrogen changes, enzyme activities, and microbial community structures in winter wheat, which provided the theoretical and technical foundation to formulate methods for straw incorporation and sustainable utilization of soil. The experimental field was located in the Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station of the China Academy of Sciences, Shandong Province, which has a summer maize-winter wheat rotation system. With winter wheat as the research object and maize straw returning to field as the basis, five treatments were carried out in the field experiment:(1) chemical fertilizer (TF), (2) 70% chemical fertilizer plus organic fertilizer (TM), (3) 70% chemical fertilizer plus microbial organic fertilizer (TE), (4) 70% chemical fertilizer plus microbial decomposition agent (TJ), and (5) 70% chemical fertilizer plus microbial organic fertilizer and microbial decomposition agent (TEJ). Soil water and nitrogen conditions during wheat growth were observed. After the winter wheat harvest, soil environmental factors, soil enzyme activity, and microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) of the topsoil in the different treatments were measured to understand their variation characteristics. Usingadopted canonical correlation analysis, the correlation of soil environmental factors and soil enzyme activities with soil microbial community structure was analyzed to determine soil fertility improvement by straw incorporation combined with inorganic-organic fertilizations. The results of the field experiment showed that more than the application of chemical fertilizers (TF), the application of microbial organic fertilizers (TE) significantly increased soil moisture (13.3%-20.5%) at later developing stages. The application of organic fertilizers (TM) increased soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) contents at later developing stages. TM and TE also improved the concentration of microbial nitrogen (MBN) and dissolved nitrogen (DON), as well as the activities of soil β-glucosidase (βG) and cellobiohydrolase (CBH), whereas the activities of soil acid phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in the treatments were not significantly different. The TE treatment showed the highest total amount of PLFA (4733.1 ng/g), and the microbial community diversity indexes of the TE treatment were significantly higher than those of the TF treatment. The results of the statistical analysis revealed that the activities of soil βG and CBH were positively correlated with soil microbial community and that the concentrations of MBN and DON were most closely related to soil microbial community. The canonical variables ordering result showed that the effect of soil physicochemical property on soil microbial community was Moisture > NH₄⁺-N > Avail-P > Temp > NO₃^--N > pH > EC. These findings showed that straw incorporation combined with the application of organic fertilizer and microbial organic fertilizer reasonably regulated soil water and nitrogen conditions, increased the population and activity of soil microbes and the activity of soil enzymes, as well as helped improve the soil eco-environment. Among the treatments, TE (straw incorporation combined with the application of microbial organic fertilizer) showed the most significant effect.