This study explored the impacts of atmospheric haze on airborne bacteria in terms of bacterial community structure, as well as concentrations and size distributions. We evaluated changes in the potential risks to human health caused by airborne pathogens, based on the morbidity of atmospheric haze-related diseases. Finally, we addressed the shortcomings of previous studies and proposed future trends for related research. The dynamics of bacterial community structure, and concentration and size distribution of bacterial communities in atmospheric haze-on which domestic studies have focused-have not shown consistent patterns to date. These uncertainties may be influenced by collection and detection methods, spatial and temporal disparities, meteorological factors, haze levels, etc. Pathogenic bacteria found on hazy days were opportunistic pathogens with low concentrations. However, the relative abundance and virulence of some bacterial species could significantly increase under hazy conditions. In addition, the high concentration of fine particulate matter with chemical pollutants could damage the skin or the mucous membrane barrier, break the micro-ecological balance of the respiratory tract and skin, and create opportunities for pathogen invasion. The synergistic effects of particulate matter and chemical pollutants have significantly contributed to the health risks from pathogenic bacteria in atmospheric haze.