Land use and land cover change are important factors for global environmental change, and they also directly affect the spatial distribution patterns of the values on ecosystem services. This study used remote sensing image data and applied spatial autocorrelation theory to quantify the spatial autocorrelation patterns and distribution characteristics of land use and the value of ecosystem services in northeastern Hainan island. Additionally, we used a bivariate spatial autocorrelation to analyze the spatial response law. The results showed that the total value of the ecosystem services function in northeastern Hainan island was 13.209 billion yuan in 2016, in which forests had the largest contribution, while as for the unit ecosystem service value, the contribution of wetlands was the highest. Land use types had a significant spatial autocorrelation (P < 0.05). The area and scope of spatial aggregation and the anomaly represented by different land use types were significantly different. The ecosystem service value of the study area had a significant positive correlation in space (P < 0.05). The high value area was in the coastal zone and mangrove area in Dongzhaigang and Qinglangang. The low value area was in Haikou city and the farming area in northern Wenchang. The land use degree was negatively correlated with the value of ecosystem services (P < 0.05), and there was a clear spatial spillover effect. According to the study results, we suggest that ecological restoration and protection policies be implemented, and there should be optimization of land use structure, enhancement of the service value of the ecological core, and regional sustainable development to maintain ecological security.