Knowing the effects of agricultural landscape patterns on wheat aphid populations is an important theoretical basis for ecological regulation and management of insect pests. Based on remote sensing data, land cover classification, and wheat aphid abundance survey data, we took a wheat planting region as a typical example and calculated the landscape pattern metrics and analyzed the effects of landscape patterns of farmland, non-crop habitat, and the regional agricultural landscape on wheat aphid abundances using a negative binomial generalized linear model. The results showed that aphid abundance was positively correlated with mean patch area and largest patch index of grassland and patch density of farmland, and was negatively correlated with mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance and area-weighted mean patch area of the regional landscape and area-weighted mean patch area of farmland. The increase in patch area of grassland, fragmentation of the regional landscape and farmland, and the aggregation of the regional landscape promoted an increase in aphid abundance. The patch area and largest patch index of grassland and mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance of the regional landscape best predicted aphid abundance. The patch area of grassland, the fragmentation of farmland, and the spatial distribution and fragmentation of the regional landscape and were important landscape factors affecting the occurrence of wheat aphids.