In this study, we systematically analyzed the effect of four kinds of disturbances (agriculture, industry, tourism, and protection) on the structure and function of soil microbial communities in the Songjiang wetland using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and BIOLOG micro plate methods. The results showed that the order of the from high to low microbial utilization of carbon sources was as follows: Binjiang wetland (protection) > Jinhe Bay wetland (tourism) > Baiyupao wetland (tourism) > Sun Island wetland (tourism) > Hulan Estuary wetland (agriculture) > Ashi River wetland (industry). The soil microbes utilized carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids at a higher rate than polymers, phenols, and amines in the Songjiang wetland. Carboxylic acids and carbohydrates were sensitive carbon sources that affected the metabolic function of microbial communities. The dominant microorganisms in the Songjiang wetland were bacteria accounting for 69.72%-80.97% of the total microbial PLFA, followed by fungi (9.20%-23.51%), and Actinomyces (6.77%-9.82%). The highest bacterial Shannon diversity index occurred in the Binjiang wetland (2.994), whereas the lowest was observed in the Ashi River wetland (2.881). An RDA analysis showed that the microbial community structure in the Ashi River (industrial interference) and Hulan Estuary (agricultural interference) wetlands had a significantly positive correlation with TN, NO₃^--N, and NH₄⁺-N (P<0.05); the microbial community structure in the Sun Island wetland (tourism interference) was significantly positively correlated with pH, whereas it showed a significant negative correlation with pH in Baiyupao and Jinhe Bay wetlands, which were also influenced by tourism disturbance; the microbial community structure was mainly influenced by TC/TN in the Binjiang wetland, which was protected.