Fallow waterlogged paddy fields (FWPF) are special paddy fields that occur in autumn, winter, and spring during postharvest seasons in the hilly area of southern China. These have centuries-old history and are not only a cropping system to cultivate rice, but also a large-scale water storage system to irrigate paddy fields in case of drought in the coming year. At present, FWPFs are distributed widely in Chongqing, southwestern China. Traditionally, after the rice harvest, rice farmers built dams and stored water in FWPFs, and the rice straw (stems with leaves) left in the field decayed as rice litter for the following rice season. However, FWPF cultivation practices raised concerns related to degradation about the relationship between the rice straw and arthropods, and among different functional arthropod groups in the paddy fields. In addition, some environmental factors should also be considered as they may influence these relationships, such as different tillage and harvesting methods, and the various degrees of disturbance related to human farming activities and environmental vegetation around FWPFs. To date, limited studies on such relationships and influences have been reported, especially in Chongqing. Therefore, this study aimed to:(1) analyze the correlation among the rice straw and different arthropod groups, and the community characteristics based on their individual numbers and biomass; (2) examine the effect of environmental factors on arthropod community parameters in different FWPF habitats; and (3) investigate the specific causes of the changes. In this study, field experiments were carried out from February to April at three locations in rice postharvest seasons of 2017 in Bishan County, Chongqing Municipality, which respectively represented three FWPF habitats and different methods of tillage and harvesting, including nine FWPF plots, i.e., mixed areas of rice, vegetables, and wasteland (RVW); mixed areas of rice and vegetables (RV), and mixed areas of rice and forestland (RF). Pitfall traps were used to capture 108367 arthropod individuals, belonging to 94 families, representing five functional groups:detritivores, predators, phytophages, parasitoids, and omnivores. The Berger-Parker dominance index showed that the arthropod community among three FWPF habitats had the largest numbers of rare groups and a few dominant groups, a basic FWPF characteristic during the postharvest seasons. Detritivore families Sminthuridae and Entomobryidae (Collembola) were the predominant groups that could potentially affect the community greatly, together with predators, including different spider species and insect natural enemies. The density and biomass of arthropods, as well as dominant groups varied widely among the three FWPF habitats during postharvest periods of investigation. For example, arthropod density and biomass were significantly higher in RF than RVW and RV (P < 0.05); the density and biomass of detritivores was significantly higher in RF than in RVW (P < 0.05), and that of herbivores was significantly higher in RVW, than in RV and RF. Also, the several community diversity indices of arthropods varied among three FWPF habitats during postharvest periods of investigation. Although the Shannon-Weiner and Pielou diversity indexes were significantly higher in RVW and RV, than RF (P < 0.05), the Simpson index was significantly higher in RF, than RVW and RV. The Margalef richness index was significantly greater in RVW than RF (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was a significantly positive correlation between density and biomass of arthropods, detritivores, and herbivores, and between predators and prey (detritivores and herbivores) in their biomass (P < 0.05). The Gower similarity index showed that the composition and structure of arthropod communities among three FWPF habitats were highly similar, but the similarity declined markedly under the effects of environmental factors from the different habitats and methods of tillage and harvesting in the three FWPFs. The farmland habitats had a greater impact on the arthropod community FWPFs, followed by water quantity, rice straw biomass, planting patterns, and harvesting methods. In addition, the results of the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis suggested that the habitat heterogeneity of FWPFs and their plots for sampling was considerably influenced by different community parameters and environmental factors. On the basis of these results, we can conclude that there is a cascade effect among rice straw, detritivores, and predators, and Collembola species play an important role in the cascade system; and arthropod biomass and diversity are closely related to the environmental factors in FWPFs and their habitats.