The purpose of this study was to determine bacterial diversity of soil in the western region of Inner Mongolia. The bacterial abundance and community structure of 170 soil samples collected from the western region of Inner Mongolia were tested using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), and the correlation between bacterial community and soil fertility parameters was analyzed. The results showed that the diversity of bacteria in the western region of Inner Mongolia was relatively rich. The richness index was between 4 and 60 and the Shannon index was between 1.38 and 4.09. There were significant differences in the diversity of bacteria among different soil types. The bacterial diversity index of alluvial soil, brown calcic soil, chestnut soil, and sierozem were higher than that of other types of soil. Furthermore, the manner of soil utilization also affected the diversity of bacteria. The Shannon index and richness of cultivated land were the highest and that of unused soil were the lowest. The correlation analysis between bacterial diversity and soil fertility parameters showed that there was no significant correlation between them. The dominant populations of bacteria in soil in the western region of Inner Mongolia include Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria Acinetobacter, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospira. This study can provide a scientific basis for the management and restoration of soil ecosystem and the development and utilization of microbial resources and agricultural production guidance in this region.