The maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) and geographic information system (GIS) were used to predict the suitable ecological region for A. senticosus based on 267 plots and 17 ecological factors. The results showed that the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) reached 0.929. The accuracy of model prediction results was high and it can therefore be used to predict the geographical distribution of A. senticosus. The results suggested that the ecological adaptation area of A. senticosus was mainly concentrated in the Changbai mountains and the southeast part of Xiaoxing'anling mountains. The total area of the suitable regions was approximately 221200 km². The main environmental factors that affect the geographical distribution of A. senticosus were successive annual mean precipitation, forest type, extreme minimum temperature, growing season precipitation, and altitude. This paper, combined with large-scale environmental data, vegetation community types, and the distribution of A. senticosus, will enable the assessment of the ecological adaptation area of A. senticosus and the determination of the dominant environmental factors. These results will provide a scientific basis for population recovery and utilization of A. senticosus.