We examined the soil nutrient content of a Chinese prickly ash artificial orchard in the Guizhou karst mountainous area; its comprehensive quality index is of great significance. In this study, soils at different altitudes have been collected from Guizhou karst mountainous area and samples were analyzed by using techniques of agricultural soil chemistry and environmental mineralogy. The study results indicated that the pH values of soils at different altitudes had significant differences, with a trend of increasing-decreasing with increased altitude; the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen of soil in the sample plots at the lowest altitude (594 m, HJ1) and the highest altitude (884 m, HJ5) were all significantly higher than those of the three sample plots at the middle altitudes (660 m, 705 m, 778 m, HJ2-HJ4), while the trend in the total phosphorus was exactly opposite to that of the available phosphorus. However, there is no significant differences among concentrations of mineral elements in the Chinese prickly ash orchards at different altitudes was not obvious; the contents of total sulfur, lead, cadmium, and selenium with the highest altitude have been determined. There were significant correlations among nitrogen, phosphorus, and other mineral elements, suggesting a close relationship. The soil quality comprehensive index was HJ5 (2.16) > HJ3 (0.43) > HJ4 (0.19) > HJ1 (-0.21) > HJ2 (-2.60), suggesting that the surface soil quality of Chinese prickly ash orchard at high altitudes is better than that at low altitudes, comprehensively speaking, revealing that soil nutrient content changed along with the change in altitude. As a result, it is suggesting that organic fertilizer and mineral element fertilizer could be used simultaneously to improve the soil nutrient supply capacity and utilization efficiency. This study could be helpful for the nutrient management and sustainable management of Chinese prickly ash orchards in the Guizhou karst mountainous area.