This study provided a basis for the restoration and protection of wetland ecosystems, and the ecological stoichiometric ratios of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus widely indicated the ecological dynamic processes of the community. The ecological stoichiometric ratios of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and their influencing factors were studied in three cover types using stratified sampling in the Dunhuang Yangguan wetland. The results showed that:(1) The trends of C/N were high < medium < low cover, whereas the trends of C/P and N/P were low < medium < high cover at 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm soil layers. (2) The soil C/N, C/P, and N/P of high cover increased with increasing soil depth, similarly to the C/N of medium cover, and the C/P, N/P decreased initially and then increased with soil depth, as did the C/N, C/P and N/P of low cover. (3) At 0-60 cm soil depths, soil moisture was negatively correlated with C/N (P < 0.01), but was positively correlated with C/P and N/P (P < 0.01). Soil salinity was negatively correlated with C/P and N/P (P < 0.01) at 0-60 cm soil depths. Soil pH was positively correlated with C/P and N/P (P < 0.05) at 0-60 cm soil depths. Soil total phosphorus was negatively correlated with C/N (P < 0.05), soil total nitrogen was positively correlated with C/P (P < 0.01), and soil organic carbon was positively correlated with N/P (P < 0.01) at 0-60 cm soil depths. Multiple linear regressions showed that soil moisture was the key factor affecting ecological stoichiometric ratios of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.