Tamarix ramosissima is perennial shrub with strong resistance to drought, salinity, and wind. As one of the ecological keystone species of the Tarim Desert natural ecosystem, it plays a dominant role in maintaining the stabilized structure and function of the desert ecosystem and protecting the ecological safety of the oasis. To illuminate the ecological characteristics of a T. ramosissima population and to better understand the effects of biological and environmental factors on its population distribution, we studied the population structure, life table, survivorship curve, quantitative dynamics, and spatial distribution patterns of a T. ramosissima population at the desert-oasis ecotone of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. Ensuring the wise use, conservation, and preservation of the ecological bushwood in the Tarim Basin was the goal of this study. The age structure, life table, survivorship curve, and time sequence prediction of the T. ramosissima population were determined to analyze its population structure and dynamics. A simple community structure and a sparse species composition were found in the T. ramosissima at the desert-oasis ecotone of Tarim Basin. The age structure of the T. ramosissima population had a spindle-type shape with a low percentage of younger individuals, indicating that the population is likely to decline continuously. The number of surviving individuals and life expectancy of the T. ramosissima population monotonically decreased with increasing size class. The survivorship curve generally matched with Deevey Ⅱ type. Small size shrubs are always accompanied with higher mortality rates and hazard rates, while highness class structure indicated low shrubs had higher lost stable rate. Seedlings could not be regenerated in time. The number of large size shrubs increased significantly with community development, which accelerates the shrunk of population size. This species generally had a clumped distribution pattern. Nevertheless, this pattern gradually changed over time from a clumped to a random pattern as shrubs matured from young to middle-aged to old-growth shrubs. Spatial variations of different growth stages changed obviously with different scales. Small size shrubs and large size shrubs had random distributions at scales of 0-3 m, 0-13 m and 17-36 m, respectively. They showed aggregated distributions at other scales. Mid-sized shrubs had a random distribution at all scales, which was related to habitat heterogeneity, reproductive characteristics, intraspecific competition, and ecological adaptation. Results of the spatial association analysis showed that small size shrubs were significantly negatively associated (mutually exclusive) to mid-size shrubs at scales ≥ 9 m, to large size shrubs at scales of 7-47 m, which were not conducive to the growth and regeneration of small individuals, further to affect population stability. Correlation and stepwise regression analysis between environmental factors and abundance distribution showed that the soil water and nitrogen contents were the main factors that restricted the growth, distribution, and regeneration.