By calculating the bioproductive land and water output, ecological footprint analysis estimates the supply and demand of natural capital; thus, quantitatively evaluating the state of regional sustainable development. The national hectare ecological footprint model was improved in this paper to calculate the ecological footprint of Jiangsu Province and 13 prefecture-level cities and determine its spatial characteristics. The results showed that:(1) in 2015, the per capita ecological footprint of Jiangsu Province was 1.7890 hm²/cap, per capita ecological carrying capacity was 0.2991 hm²/cap, and per capita ecological deficit was -1.4899 hm²/cap, ten thousand yuan GDP ecological footprint was 0.2033 hm²/ten thousand yuan; (2) among the prefecture-level cities, the per capita ecological footprint of Changzhou City was the highest at 2.9317 hm²/cap, and that of Suqian City was the lowest at 1.7348 hm²/cap; per capita ecological carrying capacity of Yancheng City was the highest at 0.6111 hm²/cap, and Suzhou City was the lowest at 0.0812 hm²/cap; per capita ecological deficit of Changzhou City was the highest at -2.8115 hm²/cap, and Yancheng City was the lowest at -1.1503 hm²/cap; ten thousand yuan GDP ecological footprint of Suqian City was the highest at 0.3956 hm²/ten thousand yuan, and that of Wuxi City was the lowest at 0.1651 hm²/ten thousand yuan; (3) in Jiangsu Province, in the southern and middle Jiangsu areas, the building land and fossil energy land ecological footprint accounted for a considerable proportion. Whereas, in the northern Jiangsu area, the cultivated land and grassland ecological footprint contributed more to the whole ecological footprint; (4) the spatial distribution of per capita ecological footprint was in accordance with the ecological deficit, characteristically higher in the south and lower in the north, which was opposite to the ecological carrying capacity distribution. The spatial character of the ten thousand yuan GDP ecological footprint was higher in southern Jiangsu and lower in northern Jiangsu, which was inversely proportional to the per capita GDP. The results of this study provide theoretical direction and quantitative reference to coordinate the regional development and build ecological civilization in Jiangsu Province.