As the problem of urban heat islands has increased, the relationship between the imperviousness of a surface and surface temperature has become a topic of interest. In this study, by using the remote sensing technology, the main urban area of Urumqi was studied for the degree of surface coverage, the surface type, the intensity of the change, and the characteristics of the space-time variation of the impervious surface. Simultaneously, the theory of landscape ecology was introduced to analyze the spatial distribution pattern and the regularity of the impervious surface. Then, based on the surface temperature of the inversion, the relationship between the impervious surface and the surface temperature was analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn:(1) The impervious surface index in the study area was mainly between 0.3-0.7 and 90% of the total area. (2) Since 2000, the index of 15.89% in the main urban area decreased each year; 20.07% of the regional impermeable surface index increased each year with the growth area mainly concentrated in less than 10%; (3) The diversity of the landscape type of the impervious surface was reduced; the medium and high coverage areas were predominant, among which the aggregation index of the high coverage area was the highest, reaching 87.71, and the shape of the impermeable surface type changed from complex to regular; (4) The surface temperature of the study area was obviously increased. In 2000, the average surface temperature was 25.94℃ and the average surface temperature in 2016 reached 35.51℃; (5) Impervious surface coverage on the surface temperature showed positive and negative correlation of the alternating features and an overall performance in an "M" shape; (6) The percentage of impermeable surface type to the influence of landscape index on surface temperature was relatively complex and had a clear effect, and the influence of surface water temperature cannot be analyzed from a single impermeable surface coverage. An impervious surface is an important factor that contributes to the surface temperature and it is necessary to examine the relationship between impervious surfaces and the surface temperature more accurately from a comprehensive study of the number, distribution pattern, material, terrain, and surrounding environment of impervious surfaces.