Picea purpurea is a unique tree species in China. To determine the population survival status and dynamic characteristics, natural P. purpurea forests at Zecha valley in Gahai-zecha nature reserve were used as the study organisms. Based on field surveys and data analysis, a population structure diagram, static life table, and survival curve were drawn. Using the method of the analysis in amount and survival analysis, population survival status was determined. The population dynamics were predicted by time-sequence model, this study aimed at revealing the population structure and dynamic characteristics of P. purpurea in this area. The results showed that the P. purpurea population age structure, height structure, and crown structure exhibited an inverted ‘J’ type. The P. purpurea population had a strong natural rebirth ability, the seedlings and saplings were rich in reserves, juvenile stage mortality was high, and the survival curve of the population conformed to the Deevey-Ⅲ type. The survival analysis also showed that the population of P. purpurea was characterized by a sharp decline in the early stage, and stability during the middle and late stages. The low survival rate of seedlings and young trees caused by competition and self-thinning was the key factor, which affected the natural regeneration and population structure of P. purpurea. The population dynamic index V_pi > 0 indicated that the population belonged to the growth type, and V'_pi was close to 0 indicating that the population tended to be stable. Time series predictive analysis showed that the number of Picea purpurea individuals have increased after the 2, 4, 6 and 8 age classes, the population showed a degree growth trend. It was indicated that the establishment of the protected area had relatively completely preserved the P. purpurea population in this area. The population had adapted to the current living environment, could achieve natural regeneration, and had certain growth potential. The population regeneration of P. purpurea was subjected to establishment limitation. The survival rates of young seedlings and young trees were too low. Appropriate anthropogenic interference measures could be adopted to promote population renewal and growth. The keys to population regeneration and development were to protect the survival environment of the seedlings and improve their quality and survival rate.