In this study, we investigated the relationship between the community succession and chemical composition of the bacteria isolated from tobacco. The tobacco sample C3F (2013) obtained from Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, was stored in Guiyang (GY), Tanchang (TC), and Ziyun (ZY) storerooms. The 16S rRNA genes of the bacteria isolated from the samples aged 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2500 high-throughput sequencing platform. The results showed that the Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Bacillus genera were dominant in the bacterial community. With an increase in aging time, a growth-decline trend was observed between Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in the dominant bacterial communities, and the genus Bacillus was significantly dominant in the later successional stage. In the process of tobacco aging, a significant correlation was found between the dominant functional groups of bacteria and the progressive decomposition of their chemical components. The dynamics of the dominant functional groups of bacteria changed from carbohydrate-like to starch-like and then to cellulose-like. The water-soluble sugar and cellulose were the key factors involved in succession. This study revealed a significant characteristic of the bacterial community succession during aging in tobacco, thereby elucidating the mechanism of tobacco aging and providing a scientific basis for using microbes to control tobacco aging.