Biocultural diversity includes biodiversity, cultural diversity, and their intrinsic relationship. It is important in maintaining the health of both nature and human society. Because biocultural diversity has abundant meaning, extensive research content, and is relevant to multiple disciplines, it is important to clarify the study object and relative scale in biocultural diversity research. Biodiversity and cultural diversity are closely linked through natural and social factors. Their relationships are reflected in geographic overlap, co-evolution, and common threats. Protecting biodiversity and cultural diversity together is an effective approach to slow biodiversity loss and protect traditional cultures. In this paper, three important research fields of biocultural diversity, the relationship between biodiversity and cultural diversity, traditional ecological knowledge, and cultural landscapes, are introduced and summarized, and their major trends are pointed out. Although Chinese scholars have conducted some characteristic and impressive work in ethnobotany and ethnoecology, biocultural diversity research focusing on other issues should be carried out and promoted. It is important to strengthen mechanism and systematic analysis, environmental influences, and conservation and management of biocultural diversity study in China.