Recently, the decrease in small pond landscapes due to rapid urbanization has been a concerning issue in China. In this paper, an integrated approach of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) techniques, and statistical methods was employed to characterize the spatial-temporal dynamics of multi-pond landscape changes in the Chaohu Basin, an area that has seen rapid urbanization since the late 1980s. Landscape metrics were calculated to analyze the multi-pond landscape change associated with increased urbanization. The geographical detector method was also used to investigate the driving factors of changes in multi-pond landscapes. The results showed that the proportions of urbanized areas and forest landscape fragmentation increased rapidly in the study area, and the proportions of farmland and water bodies decreased. Significantly, the research revealed the overall decreases in multi-pond landscape numbers and pond densities, but also increasing multi-pond landscape fragmentation. Based on a 3 km×3 km grid, spatial unit analyses showed that the multi-pond landscapes were concentrated in the towns of Tongyang and Huanglu on the north bank of Chaohu Lake, and the towns of Baishan, Shengqiao, and Huai Lin on the south bank of Chaohu Lake. Results from factor detectors showed that the slope factor had the greatest effect on the change in multi-pond landscapes, followed by changes in the construction land factor, farmland factor, population density factor, and forest land factor. Results from the ecological detector disclosed that there were significant differences in the formation mechanisms of the multi-pond landscape change, and after the interaction of each factor, the change in multi-pond landscapes was significantly enhanced, which showed driving factors were various and complex in their contributions toward the change in multi-pond landscapes.