As two essential parts of sustainable development, poverty alleviation and environmental protection have strong correlation to each other. To avoid "poverty trap" of key villages of tourism poverty alleviation in development, the ecological vulnerability assessment of these villages have become an important precondition and basics of tourism poverty alleviation and accurate poverty alleviation. However, few studies has aimed to integrate the tourism poverty alleviation and environmental protection to study the ecological vulnerability and its drivers. Therefore, by taking 472 key villages of tourism poverty alleviation in Fujian Province as case studies, this paper first develops an ecological vulnerability evaluation index system based on an a "cause-result" model and then estimates the ecological vulnerability index of the samples villages. In addition, the spatial differentiation and driving factors are analyzed in detail. The results show that:the average value of ecological vulnerability is 4.84, which means that the degree of the ecological vulnerability of key villages in Fujian Province is mildly fragile; the average ecological vulnerability value in a 30 m×30 m grid indicates that the distribution of ecological vulnerability are scattered while the spatial differentiation is not significant. The extreme and severe eco-fragile villages are mainly located in Sanming, Ningde, Nanping, and Longyan, which form three core areas with distinct high vulnerability in Ningde and Sanming. The main drivers of ecological vulnerability include the number of tables and beds, the current situation of tourism infrastructure, soil erosion intensity, population density, average annual precipitation, slope, leisure, and the areas of agricultural park.