Fengyang Mountain Nature Reserve is a natural reserve of forest ecological type, coniferous and broad-leaved forest is an important forest type in the nature reserve. To understand the impacts of altitude change on soil microbial communities and soil physicochemical properties, we explored the physicochemical properties and microbial community composition of alpine coniferous and broad-leaved forest, the main vegetation types of Fengyang Mountain. Based on the distribution range of Pinus taiwanensis in Fengyang mountain, 900 m, 1100 m, 1300 m, 1500 m, and 1700 m were selected as five altitudinal gradients, and three standard plots were set at each elevation gradient (20 m×20 m), which were sampled in August 2016. Using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) spectrum analysis to determine the composition and abundance of soil microbial community, and the soil microbial community composition of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination, on soil microbial community structure was analyzed. The results showed that the composition of plant species in coniferous and broad-leaved forests has changed. The soil nutrient content first increased and then decreased, and was significantly reduced at high altitudes (P < 0.05), and there were significant differences between soil microbial community abundance. Gram-negative bacterial abundance was higher at high altitudes. NMDS analysis show that the increase in altitude changed the soil microbial community, which can be divided into three groups. Soil microbial community structure at different altitudes showed significant differences in the two NMDS axes (P < 0.05). The redundancy analysis showed that soil bulk density, water content, and pH effected soil microbial composition in different ways:soil gram-positive bacterial and antino bacterial abundance were significantly influenced by the soil properties we studied, whereas soil water content and available phosphorus content mainly affected soil gram-negative bacterial abundance, and the abundance of anaerobic bacteria and 16:1ω5c was weakly correlated with soil properties. The change in soil physicochemical properties caused by altitude was the main factor affecting soil microbial community abundance. The adaptability of six microbial communities to altitude was different; and the gram-negative bacteria have the strongest adaptability to high altitude and low temperature environment.