For the protection of an endangered plant, it is very important to understand its population survival status and population dynamics. In order to better protect the rare and endangered Dracaena cambodiana, 11 populations of D. cambodiana in different habitats on Hainan Island were investigated, and the basal diameter of individuals was recorded to establish age structure and static life table, and then the population age structure dynamic index and the survival curve and survival function curve, so as to determine the population structure and survival status of D. cambodiana. The results showed that the population age structure of D. cambodiana is closely related to its habitat. Populations in habitats near sea, NS and YL, were declining, whereas those of CH and LN were stable, and the other 7 populations farther from the sea were increasing. Among these 11 populations of D. cambodiana, the EXL population showed the highest growth trend and the best stability. JFM, JF, CH, and LN populations also showed a growth trend and good stability, whereas NS and YL populations showed the worst stability and anti-interference ability. The survival curve of the 11 D. cambodiana populations were of a Deevey-I (convex curve) type, and the survival rate of young individuals was higher than that of middle-aged and aged individuals, indicating that the survival ability of young individuals is better than that of middle-aged and aged individuals. However, the results of survival function analysis showed that the early and late life history of D. cambodiana were fragile, whereas that of middle aged was stable, suggesting that the habitat of D. cambodiana was more suitable for the survival of middle-aged individuals, and that the young individuals were under strong effects of environmental filtering. D. cambodiana is a depensation species, and therefore multiple protection methods should be used to protect and rejuvenate the current populations.