The functional diversity of soil microbial communities was studied in order to investigate the effects of black locusts and native species on microbial community diversity under different vegetation types. The soil microbial community was compared in areas with different vegetation zones that were inhabited by black locusts and native species. We used the Biolog technique to study soil microbial functional diversity. In this study, we found that introducing the black locust into different vegetation types generated a large variation in soil microbial functional diversity. The trends for the Average Well-Color Development (AWCD) and the functional diversity indices in areas with black locusts were similar in the steppe and forest zones. The values for AWCD and the functional diversity indices, including the Richness index (S), the Shannon-Weiner index (H), the Simpson index (D), and the McIntosh index (U), for the steppe and steppe-forest zone soils containing black locusts were larger than those for the areas with native species. However, the opposite trends were observed in forest zones. Significant differences in the utilization of carbon sources were evident, particularly carbohydrate and amino acid utilization. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that the number of carbon sources loaded on PC1 was 24. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and carboxylic acids played major roles in separating the principal components. The soil microbial functional diversities were affected by the soil carbon and nitrogen contents, and carbon source utilization patterns were influenced by temperature and humidity. The effect of the black locust on soil microbes varied depending on the region, and this must be considered when evaluating its effects on soil ecological processes and functions.