The interrelations between environmental factors and the distribution of plants are important subjects of ecological study, and play an important role in revealing formation mechanisms, ecologically adaptive strategies, and spatial distributions of plant populations. In order to study the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of Tamarix gansuensis in wetlands, the Maxent model was used to analyze the impact of altitude, slope, aspect, location of slope, distance to the river, soil moisture, and soil salt on the spatial distribution of T. gansuensis in the Qinwangchuan wetland based on remote-sensing images and a digital elevation model. The results showed that T. gansuensis presented a clumped distribution in the conservation zone of Qinwangchuan wetland and was mainly distributed in 15%-30% of soil moisture, 0-5 ms/cm of soil electrical conductivity, 1890-1913 m of altitude, and inter furrow or on sloped land. Spatial distribution of T. gansuensis was affected mainly by soil moisture, soil salt, and distance to the river. The environmental variables of altitude, slope, and distance to the river were negatively related with soil moisture and soil salt, while the slope location was positively related with soil moisture and soil salt. The soil moisture and soil salt were the main environmental factors that affect the distribution of plants in Qinwangchuan wetland, while the hydrologic factors and the topographic factors indirectly influenced the spatial distribution of plants by controlling the soil water and salt content, which could change the local environmental conditions.