Based on the MODIS-NDVI and MODIS-LST data from 2001 to 2014, we have estimated the soil moisture using temperature vegetation dryness index, analyzed the spatiotemporal seasonal variation of the vegetation cover and soil moisture and their interrelationship in the Loess Plateau. The findings suggest the following:(1) There are obvious time-lag effect for vegetation growth relative to soil moisture in the Loess Plateau. The vegetation cover and vegetation phenology is closely related to soil moisture change. (2) The intense affected area of soil moisture to vegetation cover located mainly in the mountains and hills of the northern agriculture and grassland biome, which the vegetation cover has slow response. The intense affected area of vegetation cover to soil moisture spread over the western alpine region, which the response time of soil moisture is relatively shortest. The second one distributes across the upper and middle reaches of the rivers in the northern agriculture and grassland biome, and the soil moisture respond slowly. The response speed gradually increase from east to west and from north to south. (3) From vegetation types, there are relatively strong negative correlations between vegetation cover and soil moisture of vegetation Ⅰthat the response degree of vegetation growth to soil moisture change weakens successively, and their response rate is relatively slow and speed up. A weak correlations were found between vegetation cover and soil moisture of vegetation Ⅱ, and their lag time are close to 0 day, which reflects vegetation cover and soil moisture change simultaneously. The soil moisture changes lag behind vegetation cover change of vegetation Ⅲ (xerophytic/psammophytic vegetation), and the degree that vegetation cover positive impacts on soil moisture increase consequently, but time effects extend. The positive impact of alpine vegetation (vegetation Ⅳ) to soil moisture is strong which has better response speed. (4) There is close relationship between the annual variance of vegetation growth and soil moisture in the Loess Plateau. The vegetation phenology is a good fit to the peak and valley of soil moisture changes over the years which can be used as an important evidence for the extraction of vegetation phenological information.