Functional traits are sensitive to local environmental conditions, and are important characteristics in the research on the relationship between biological diversity and ecosystem function. Functional diversity based on species traits is closely related to ecosystem processes, and has emerged as a key feature for understanding ecosystem and community function. In this study, we used a year's quarterly survey data of macroinvertebrates in the New Xue River to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of functional traits and functional diversity, and discuss the relationship between these functional attributes and habitat quality. By analyzing trait composition, we found that there were significant differences among the state traits of all the 10 traits examined. One-way ANOVA and an independent samples t-test were performed to compare the relative abundance of traits among different reaches (A to E) and seasons (Spring, Autumn, Winter), and the results showed that the state traits of all the 10 functional traits were significantly different. Twenty-one of the 33 state traits were significantly different among the five reaches, involving nine (voltinism, shape, size at maturity, rheophily, habit, swimming ability, trophic habit, occurrence in drift, attachment) of the 10 functional traits. In contrast, only twelve of the 33 state traits were significantly different among seasons, involving six (size at maturity, thermal preference, trophic habit, habit, swimming ability, occurrence in drift) of the 10 functional traits. The functional diversity index was highest in the reach D, followed by reach A, E, C, and lowest in reach B; showed D ≥ E, A ≥ C > B during the year. Although functional diversity index was significantly different among the different reaches, there was no significant difference among the different seasons. Our results suggest that 1) there is a trade-off among macroinvertebrates functional traits; 2)hydrological condition is the main factor affecting macroinvertebrates functional traits and diversity; and, 3) functional traits and diversity are good indicators of habitat quality.