Protura is a group of important soil animals; however, knowledge on their diversity and ecological traits remains insufficient, especially in the island ecosystem. In order to investigate and discuss the habitat selection, spatial distribution, population density, and reproduction strategy of Protura, as well as the interaction between proturan and soil fungus, the species diversity in three vegetation types, including bamboo forest, arboreal forest, and shrubbery on Dajinshan Island were quantitatively studied during autumn 2015. The results indicate that eight species of Protura, belonging to two families and four genera, were found in Dajinshan Island. All species also occurred in the vegetation of the land area of Shanghai, and all belong to the Oriental realm. The total density of Protura in Dajinshan Island follows the order:bamboo forest (696 individuals/m²) > arboreal forest (479 individuals/m²) > shrubbery (213 individuals/m²). The Shannon-Wiener index of proturan in bamboo forest was significantly higher than in shrubbery (P < 0.05), while the Pielou index, Simpson index and Margalef index did not differ between vegetation types. The proturans are isolated and distributed in the soil of Dajinshan Island, and they are usually concentrated in feasible microhabitats. Infection by soil pathogenic fungi in proturan in nature was observed and is illustrated for the first time. To some extent, the sex ratio of proturan in nature reflects their reproduction status. Protura probably take an ecological strategy between k-and r-strategies.