Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, which can form symbiotic associations with the majority of higher plants. In the mycorrhizal symbiosis, AMF can facilitate uptake of mineral nutrients by plants, improve resistance of plants to various environmental stresses, and play important roles in maintaining ecosystem stability and productivity. AMF biogeography focuses on the geographical distribution pattern and community assembly mechanism of AMF, which is critical for understanding the ecological significance of AMF in various ecosystems. We summarized the recent advances in AMF biogeography, introduced the methods applied for studying AMF biogeography and outlined a theoretical framework in this research area. Generally, the AMF community does not simply exhibit random distribution, while host plants, geographical distance, climate factors, and soil physicochemical properties jointly determine the community structure. It is suggested that AMF community assembly could be predicted by both niche theory and neutral theory at different spatial scales, which ideally supports the postulate of niche-neutral continuum. At global and regional scales, the neutral theory is more important than the ecological niche theory, and AMF distribution pattern is mainly shaped by geographical distance and climate factors. However, the ecological niche theory dominates at the local and small scales. With decreasing spatial scale, the effects of host plants and environmental factors on AMF community become more important than restrictions imposed by geographical distance. Obviously, the ecological processes driving the assemblage of AMF would change owing to environmental changes. Integrated analysis and data mining based on systematic field surveys and available public databases, would be the main direction of future research into AMF biogeography.