Seed dispersal is a key stage in the life cycle of plants, and thus plays an important role in the colonization and extension of plant populations. Fruit dimorphism is a phenomenon widely reported in plants. There are differences in seed dispersal between normal fruits and heteromorphic fruits, such as in dispersal distance and in-flight behavior. Dimorphism of fruits allows different dispersal modes for plant species, thus facilitates the dispersal efficiency, dispersal range, reproduction, and ultimate evolution of the plant species. Many factors, such as fruit features, insertion height of the fruits, and wind speed, will affect the spread of fruits or seeds. To Fraxinus velutina, dimorphism of fruits is characterized by the number of wings on the samara:two-winged, which is the normal samara type, and three-winged. However, few studies have investigated the difference between these two kinds of samara types. The aim of the present research was to compare the dispersal performance of these two samara types under different wind speeds and release heights to better understand how their dispersal was affected by samara types and morphological and structural characteristics. In a large basement, air current was generated by an electric fan with a speed regulator that could be set at different levels as the wind source. By being placed close the fan, the fruits were manually released from 2, 1.5, and 1m high under wind speeds of 0, 4.6, 6.5, and 7.3m/s respectively. Then, dispersal distance and in-flight duration of the fruits were measured. The linear correlations among samara traits (wing type, fruit weight, wing width, and wing length) and dispersal parameters of the fruits (release height, wind speed, dispersal distance, and in-flight duration) were explored. The results showed that the horizontal dispersal distance of three-winged fruits was significantly greater than that of the two-winged fruits under the same height and wind speed, but the corresponding in-flight duration was shorter than that of the two-winged fruits. The terminal velocity of the three-winged fruits significantly had also exceeded that of the two-winged fruits under the same situation, while, the in-flight distance and in-flight duration increased correspondingly with increasing height and wind speed. The fruit weight of the three-winged type was significantly higher than that of the two-winged type, but wing length and width were lower. The cellular structure of the wings was the same between three-winged and two-winged fruits. In both samara types, a lot of air sacs were permeated the wings of samara, and ridges along the longitudinal axes of wings were streamlined. Correlation analysis showed that the phenotypic traits greatly correlated with the dispersal performance of fruits. Wing shape was the main morphological factor that had significantly affected the dispersal distance and duration. Compared to release height, wind speed also had significantly affected the dispersal distance and duration. Faster responses to gusts of the three-winged fruits than two-winged fruits was the key to its greater dispersal distance, which had resulted in higher terminal velocity. The combination of three-winged and two-winged fruits dispersal mechanisms improves chances of survival and colonization of this species.