Characterized by complex topography, diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity, Southwest China is the key area of studying complex surface processes and ecosystem evolution, and China's important ecological barrier zone. However, the region is also characterized by complex environment with fragile ecological conditions and serious disasters. In the context of global climate change, human activities and economic development will lead to more prominent ecological and environmental problems in the region. At the same time, the region's social and economic development vary greatly spatially, mainly expressed by the damage of the regional ecosystem services and the reduction of the regional ecological security level. How to maintain regional ecological security is of great significance. To solve the problems of ecological security, China government has carried out ecological regionalization, ecological function zoning and ecological red line projects. But further researches are needed in the ecological security pattern formation mechanism, and ecosystem service coupling relationship, human activities and climate change impact on the ecological security pattern and adaptation, sustainable economic and social development in the region. The research of the ecological security pattern formation mechanism and evolution mechanism in Southwest China is typical, representative and urgency.