The coupling relationships between landscape patterns and ecological processes have long been in landscape ecology. Land use and landscape patterns under the impact of anthropogenic activity affect the occurrence and development of soil erosion in watersheds. In the present investigation, the Qijiang watershed, located in Jiangjin District of the Three Gorge Reservoir Region (TGRR), was selected as study area, and hydrological response units were divided as "source-sink" landscape units by using aerial image data for 2015, DEM data, and a soil dataset. The soil erosion weight of the "source-sink" landscape units was assigned by combining with landscape type weight, soil erodibility weight, and slope weight, and the location-weighted landscape index (LWLI) related to relative flow path was calculated to identify soil erosion risk patterns. Finally, the soil erosion modulus of the watershed was simulated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) to verify the rationality of the soil erosion risk patterns. The results showed that paddy field and dry land in the source landscape and woodland in the sink landscape were dominant landscape in the spatial structure of the "source-sink" landscape units. Next is residential area in the source landscape and grassland in the sink landscape, and distinct areas characteristics were identified in the Qijiang watershed. Regions with higher soil erosion weight of landscape units were mainly located in the transition zones from the low mountains area to the hilly slope area, where slope and soil erodibility were higher. Source landscape units of paddy field, dry land, and residential area were also concentrated. The soil erosion modulus was positively correlated with the LWLI, which indicated that the LWLI could correctly reflect the effect of source and sink landscapes on soil erosion, and could be used as a valid tool to evaluate the potential risk of soil erosion. Five landscape risk zones for soil erosion were divided according to the characteristics of the LWLI. In the northern region along rivers, there was more cultivated land than woodland and grassland, with a shorter relative flow path, the result of which was a greater soil erosion risk. In the central hilly region, the distribution of source landscape units was more decentralized and unbalanced, which indicated that there was a certain soil erosion risk in sub-watersheds. In the southern low mountain region, woodland was the dominant landscape, the amount of source landscape was relatively less, and the soil erosion risk was lower.