Different types of seeds could be dispersed in various ways. Rodents show a significant preference in the microhabitats of predation sites and caching methods after seeds removal. Understanding the relationship between storing behavior and microhabitat is the key to study seedling establishment. The objective of this study was to reveal the effects of small rodents on seed dispersal patterns of constructive species in pine-oak mixed forests. Field experiments were conducted in the Huoditang forest region in the middle of the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province, northwestern China. Coded plastic tags were used to study the seed fates of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, Pinus tabuliformis, and Pinus armandii. The results showed that the in situ seed predation rate of P. tabuliformis seeds was significantly higher than the seeds of the other three types of seeds. P. armandii seeds had the highest predation rate (60%) and cache rate (4.33%) after removal by rodents, and the longest average dispersal distance of predation sites (2.49 m). The small acorns of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata had the longest dispersal distance of cache sites after removal by rodents (4.92 m). All types of seeds except P. armandii seeds had over 85% of the sites were used as predation sites. P. tabuliformis seeds had no cache sites. Over 90% of the cache sites of the other three types of seeds contained a single seed. Most of the seeds were discarded after removal by rodents. The proportions of seeds that were cached under shrubs were higher for large and small acorns of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata and P. armandii seeds, which were 87.5%, 78.57% and 53.33% of the total number of seeds after cache by rodents, respectively. A lower proportion of seeds was cached on bare land. Most of seeds were eaten under shrubs. Only P. armandii seeds were eaten in the holes after removal by rodents. A higher proportion of P. tabuliformis seeds were eaten in situ than the other three types of seeds. Except P. tabuliformis seeds, the predation rates for the other three types of seeds tended to decrease along microhabitat changing from simple to complex (shrub to grass to shrub edge to bare land). The nutritive value of the seeds and the cost of the rodents' predation and removal process were the key factors affecting the fates of seeds, and rodents showed obvious preference in the microhabitats of seed storage and predation sites.