Describing the changing rules of land surface variables by using meteorological and hydrological models has always been a research hotspot in the fields of atmospheric and hydrological science. However, due to the scarcity of weather stations in West China, traditional weather stations cannot satisfy the requirements of high precision simulation of large scale land surface components. Using the Jing and Bo River Basin in Xinjiang as a research area, the present study used the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, and then completed calibration, verification, and time-space relation analysis of each land surface component (such as soil moisture content, snow depth, and snow melt). Our analysis showed that the CMADS dataset can drive and calibrate the SWAT mode land complete localization work in Jin and Bo River Basin. The NSE efficiency coefficients of the SWAT model driven by the CMADS dataset were generally controlled between 0.659 and 0.942 at the monthly scale, and were also controlled between 0.526 and 0.815 at the daily scale. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that the soil moisture content would reach a high level for the first time between March and April each year, which is mainly caused by snow melting in the high mountains. However, when snow melting finished, due to an increase in precipitation and temperature, soil temperature fluctuated until the middle of October, when cold air brought considerable precipitation and snow. Finally, soil water was transformed into frozen soil until the snow melting period in the following year. Thereafter, soil water would increase again until the end of the snow melting period. On one hand, this study verified that the CMADS+SWAT mode can enhance the performance ability of the SWAT model in the arid areas of northwestern China, which lacks weather stations. On the other hand, the study provided a scientific explanation for time-space changing rules of land surface components (such as soil moisture and evaporation) in the Jing and Bo River Basin. The findings of this research will play a certain role in promoting the development of China's meteorological and hydrological sciences.