Based on the evaluation index system established for measuring the resource environmental carrying capacity (RECC), this study measured the RECC of 14 cities in the Gansu Province of China and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation in RECC. To comprehensively understand RECC and accurately identify its trend, 24 indicators with four subsystems, i.e., economic, social, resource, and ecological subsystems, were selected to build the RECC evaluation system. The evaluation index weights were calculated using the entropy weight method, whereas the indicator weights were calculated using the entropy weight TOPSIS model. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal variation in RECC in 14 cities and the internal carrying capacity of the four subsystems, from 2004 to 2013, were analyzed using the GIS spatial analysis function. The results indicate that: (1) All 14 cities in the Gansu Province showed a low composite index of RECC, with no significant variation from 2004 to 2013, and showed a trend similar to that in economic development. The spatial pattern showed that the northwest district had a higher RECC than the southeast district. It showed a pyramidal hierarchy with three levels, i.e., Jiayuguan city at the top, Lanzhou, Jiuquan, and Jinchang cities in the middle part, and the other cities at the bottom. The first and second levels showed a significant difference, whereas the second and third levels showed an insignificant difference. (2) Considerable differences were observed among effects of the four subsystems. The ecological subsystem had the largest effect, significantly higher than the other three subsystems, followed by the social and resource subsystems, whereas the economic subsystem had the smallest effect. (3) A distinct spatiotemporal variation exists in the subsystems. The economic support index and social carrying capacity were higher in the Hexi (except Wuwei city) and Lanzhou regions than in the southeast and south regions. A pyramidal hierarchical structure was observed for the economic support index, with low values and insignificant differences between levels. The social carrying capacity of all cities was similar, except Jinchang city, which showed a large change in the social carrying capacity in 2009. Although the environmental carrying capacities changed frequently, the fluctuation was insignificant. The spatial pattern was dumbbell-shaped, i.e., low in the middle and high at the two ends. In general, the resource carrying capacity indices were low; they were constant in Wuwei, Qingyang, Dingxi, Gannan, Linxia, and Tianshui cities, and variable in the remaining eight cities. The Hexi (except Wuwei city) and Longnan regions showed higher resource carrying capacity indices than the other parts. The results indicate that industry structure should be modified to promote economic development and the resources and environment must be protected to realize sustainable development in the Gansu Province of China.