As black soil is the important soil resources on bearing food security and ecological security in China, the carbon emission characteristics and carbon library components of it has always been a hotspot in research of ecology. Fertilization is the important factors influencing the black soil organic carbon input as well as its output, and the effect under fertilization need long time scales of inquiry. Our experiments were carried out in National Fertility Monitoring Net in Gongzhuling City began in 1990, we intended to clarify the soil carbon emissions and its mechanism under long-term different fertilization. Six of the fertilization treatments were chosen including: no fertilizer (CK), only chemical fertilizer application (NPK), combining chemical and low levels of organic manure (NPKM1), 1.5 times the amount of inorganic and organic fertilizer of NPKM1 (1.5 (NPKM1)), combing chemical and high amounts of organic manure (NPKM2), and inorganic fertilizer straw (NPKS),to analyze the changes in soil carbon dioxide emissions(CO₂-C) and the soil carbon library included dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), particulate organic carbon (POC), readily oxidized organic carbon (ROC), soil enzyme activity beta glycosidase enzymes (BG), β-xylosidase (BXYL), cellulose (CBH), and acetyl beta glucosamine enzyme (NAG). The results showed that compared with CK, all kinds of fertilizer processing can significantly increase the chernozem soil carbon emissions (P < 0.05), and among these processing types, NPK carbon emissions is about 2633.33 kg/hm², significantly higher than the CK treatment by 37.36%. NPKM1, 1.5 (NPKM1), NPKM2 significantly increased soil carbon emissions by 71.81%-88.51%, and the effect was best; NPKS significantly increased soil carbon emissions by 56.32%, and three kinds of long-term organic and inorganic fertilization treatments had no significant difference. Relative to CK, NPKM1, 1.5 (NPKM1) and NPKM2 increased the DOC content by 16.07%-56.34%, enhanced MBC content by 128.84%-185.77%, improved POC content by 128.84%-497.45%, and increased ROC content by 841.03%-1145.94% content significantly (P < 0.05), respectively, the effect of 1.5 (NPKM1) was the best. At the same time, organic and inorganic fertilization treatments can increase NAG, BG, BXYL, and CBH activity by 313.22%-452.65%, 313.22%-250.74%, 159.08%-273.32%, and 72.21%-273.32%, and the effect of 1.5 (NPKM1) is also the best here. Soil carbon emissions were significantly correlated with soil activity and soil enzyme activity (P < 0.001), shows that fertilization could change the composition content of soil carbon library and soil microbial activity, which resulted in the difference in the soil carbon emissions.