In April (dry season) and August (rainy season) of 2015, land utilization, the physical and chemical properties of water, and the macrobenthos affected by the different intensities of urbanization in the upstream area of the Huangshui River were assessed. The indexes of the percentage of ground surface impervious area (PIA), water quality, and biological communities under varying intensity of urbanization were studied using the Spearman rank correlation analysis. The results indicated that water temperature, TN, TP, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³-P, conductivity, depth, width, and the fine sand/silt ratio were positively correlated with PIA and negatively correlated with grassland and forest land area. The fitted curve between the macrobenthos index and PIA indicated that there were significant linear relationships among the Shannon diversity index, richness index, collector (%), stain resistance groups (%), and BI index. Remaining indicators had significant nonlinear relationships. Total number of taxa, richness index, EPT (%), predators (%), shredders (%), filterers (%), and scrapers (%) were negatively correlated with PIA, grassland and forest land were positively correlated with PIA, as were the BI index, collector (%), stain resistance groups (%), and oligochaeta (%). As physical habitat degraded, high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus lead to the disappearance of pollution-sensitive benthic invertebrates and a dramatic increase in pollution-tolerant individuals, which increased with the intensity of urbanization in the upstream areas of the Huangshui River.