Organic carbon storage of shrubs is significant in research concerning soil properties and carbon cycle in arid land. However, few studies have investigated both biological biomass carbon (BBC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) of shrubs. In the present study, four different Tamarix L. shrubs (Tamarix hohenackeri, Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix hispida, and Tamarix taklamakanensis) distributed in the arid land of Xinjiang were chosen as research samples. The aim of the present study is to compare the distribution characteristics of biological biomass carbon, soil organic carbon, and carbon storage of four kinds of shrubs. We investigated 23 sample plots (100 m×100 m) of four different Tamarix L. shrubs in Southern and Northern Xinjiang. We randomly chose three quadrats (10 m×10 m) to obtain the aboveground biomass in each sample plot and dug three sample pits (1 m×1 m) divided into 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, and 50-100 cm five soil layers. We calculated the biological biomass carbon density (BBCD) and soil organic carbon density (SOCD) to obtain the underground biomass, soil physical and chemical properties, and carbon storage according to the distribution area from the "vegetation map of Xinjiang". The results showed that: 1) T. hispida had the highest density of plant biomass carbon, followed by T. hohenackeri, T. taklamakanensis, and T. ramosissima. The value of plant biomass carbon density was between 0.59 and 2.35 Mg C/hm². The aboveground biomass carbon density was between 0.31 and 0.94 Mg C/hm², and the underground biomass carbon density was between 0.28 and 1.49 Mg C/hm² of 0-100 cm depth. The root shoot ratio was between 0.92 and 1.71. 2) The SOC value from big to small included T. hohenackeri, T. hispida, T. taklamakanensis, and T. ramosissima. The maximum SOCD value of T. hohenackeri and T. taklamakanensis was 0-10 cm soil layer, and the maximum SOCD value of T. hispida and T. ramosissima was 10-20 cm soil layer. The SOC value of 0-10 cm soil layer was 13%-43.7%, and the SOC value of 0-50 cm soil layer was 82.3%-96.4% from the surface of soil to 100 cm depth. 3) According to the distribution area of four Tamarix L. shrubs in the arid land of Xinjiang, the carbon storage value was between 0.28±0.03 Tg and 56.96±5.36 Tg, and the whole carbon storage value was between 75.00±6.76 Tg. The maximum carbon storage was T. hispida, and the lowest was T. hohenackeri. 4) A significant correlation was presented between BBC, SOC, soil water content, and soil organic matter (SOM). SOC (C_s) had a distinct positive correlation with soil water content (X₁), SOM (X₂), total nitrogen (TN, X₃), and conductivity (X₄) (P<0.01); the multiple linear regression equation was calculated as C_s=3.433-10.943X₁+0.378X₂-2.935X₃+0.017X₄. BBC (C_p) had a positive correlation with soil water content and SOM (P<0.05);the multiple linear regression equation was calculated as C_p=2.042-11.930X₁+0.011X₂. The results show that different types of Tamarix L. have different requirements of water and organic matter, and their carbon sequestration capacity and effect on the desert ecosystem were different. Therefore, in terms of utilization, the selection needs to be focused on different characteristics of plants.